This study provides a comprehensive of the primary categories of cementitious materials utilized for carbon sequestration,their respective carbon sequestration properties, the impact of the carbon sequestration process on its effectiveness, carbon sequestration efficiency assessment methods and the current status of carbon dioxide sequestration rates are summarized, and the future development direction of carbon sequestration cementitious materials is also prospected. Calcium carbonate nanocomposite-based cementitious materials have been shown to enhance the mechanical properties of cement and carbon sequestration efficiency through the pore-filling effect, while magnesium oxide-based cementitious materials can achieve rapid carbon sequestration through the formation of high-strength carbonates, but their industrialization is still limited by high production costs. In terms of carbon sequestration processes, dry carbon sequestration process has become the focus of research due to its easy operation and low energy consumption, and supercritical CO₂ technology shows unique potential. The evolution of carbonization depth detection technology has progressed from the conventional phenolphthalein detection method to non-destructive testing methods such as confocal Raman microscopy and high-frequency ultrasonic imaging, which have significantly improved the testing accuracy. In terms of carbon sequestration efficiency, through material modification and process optimization, the CO₂ sequestration rate of some new materials has exceeded 200%. Future research can focus on developing the whole process of carbon reduction process, reducing the cost of material production, and perfecting industrialization.